Part 1 of 100 PYQS from Theories & Models in Geography for UGC NET
100 PYQS OF MODELS AND THEORIES FOR UGC NET EXAM, THEORIES AND MODELS IN GEOGRAPHY NOTES, MODEL IN GEOGRAPHY STUDY MATERIAL, THEORIES AND MODELS PYQS,
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Q.1. Given below are two statements: One is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Von theunen argued that the sectoral fields are the most irrational, reducing the time spent by the farmers in travelling around the farm.
Reasons (R): Sectoral fields are not common but they are used in varying forming systems and environments.
In the light of the above Statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) in NOT the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) in correct but (R) in not correct
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
Answer: 4
Explanation:
Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning /Agricultural land use/ Location theory (1826)
Von Thunen recognized six concentric zonal rings
Zone I – Market Gardening and Milk Production
Zone II – Firewood and Lumber Production
Zone III – Crop Framing without Fallow
Zone IV – Crop Farming, Fallow and Pastures
Zone V – Three Field System
Zone VI – Livestock Farming
Q.2. Consider the following statements regarding the weaver’s method of crop combination.
(A) He proposed a method of analysis superior to simple inspection of the relative weights of the enterprises in a given area.
(B) He added a time dimension to the notion that Britain’s best and worst agricultural land has not changed during last century.
(C) He sought to find the number of enterprises that minimized the difference between the actual and theoretical enterprise combination
(D) He adopted a measure of yield defined as the potential production of one acre of good average farmland under good management
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (A), (B) and (C) only
(2) (A), (C) and (D) only
(3) (A) and (B) only
(4) (A) and (C) only
Answer: 4
Explanation :
Weavers Crop Combination Model:
In the field of agricultural geography Weaver (1954) was the first geographer to use statistical technique (Standard Deviation) to establish the crop combination of the Middle West (USA).
He covered around 1081 counties under his work.
During his case study he found that counties other than Houston and Minnesota, showed a complex and confused picture of the percentage occupied by different crops.
Thus, it seemed obvious that there was a need to device a rigorous approach that would provide objective, constant and precisely repeatable procedure and would yield comparable results for different years and localities.
The theoretical curve for the standard measurement was employed as follows;
- Monoculture = 100% of the total harvested crop land in one crop
- Two crop combination = 50% in each of two crops
- Three crop combination = 33.3% in each of three crops
- Four crop combination = 25% in each of four crops
- Five crop combination = 20% in each of five crops
- Ten crop combination = 10% in each of ten crops
For the determination of the minimum deviation the standard deviation method was used, which is expressed as
Formula
d = difference between actual crop percentage in the study region and the percentage in the theoretical distribution
n = number of crops
Following are the disadvantages of Weaver’s method
(i) It involves laborious calculations
(ii) It gives most complex combinations for areas of high crop diversification.
(iii) It occasionally tends to show lowest deviation for a crop combination which includes even one crop, occupying as less and one per cent of total harvested cropland.
Q.3. Given below are two statements: One is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The locational – climatic factors put Mackinder’s Heartland at a relative disadvantage as compared to certain other larger and well to do areas of the world.
Reasons (R): Heartland was a region of permanent difficulties because of its location and resultant extreme climate
In the light of the above Statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
Answer: 1
Heartland Theory by Halford Gohn Mackinder (1904)
This theory based on Land Power (Continental Power)
His theory is a spatial analysis of the geopolitics in terms of location, accessibility & natural resource base.
Mackinder divided world into 3 geo-strategic regions
- The heartland
- Inner crescent
- Outer Crescent
- Heartland/Pivot Area –
- It is surrounded by mountains on three sides i.e. Urals in West, Central Asian Highlands in South & East Siberian Highlands in east, and by ice-bound Arctic on the north
- It consisted of the whole Siberia & centrals part of Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan)
- It is a natural fortress, from three sides and region of enormous resources.
- The most inaccessible part of the world.
- This is the area of low population and difficult accessibility
Book & Writings
- Geographical Pivot of History (1904)
- The democratic ideals and reality (In 1919, Mackinder renamed his ‘Pivot Area’ as Heartland in famous book)
- The Round World and the Winning of the Peace
Q.4. Which one of the following codes correctly show the optimal location of profitability in different spatial cost / revenue situations in diagram below:
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
Answer: 2
NTA UGC NET DEC 2019
Q.5. Match the term (List I) used in industrial / manufacturing geography (List -II) with their explanation:
|
(List -I) Term |
(List -II) (Explanation) |
|
a. Material Index |
(i) Ratio of Labour cost per unit of product to the locational weight of that unit |
|
b. Isodapanes |
(ii) Advantage of production due to concentration of industry |
|
c. Labour coefficient |
(iii) Weight of localized material and the weight of the product |
|
d. Agglomeration |
(iv) Lines of equal transport cost per tonne |
Choose the correct option from below:
|
|
a |
b |
c |
d |
|
1. |
(i) | (ii) |
(iii) |
(iv) |
|
2. |
(ii) | (iii) |
(iv) |
(i) |
|
3. |
(iii) | (iv) |
(i) |
(ii) |
|
4. |
(iv) | (iii) |
(ii) |
(i) |
Answer- 3
Explanation:
Industrial Location Theory by Alfred Weber (1909)
Book- “Theory of the Location of Industries” (Uber den Standort der Industrien)
- Based on Principle of Least Cost Location
Isodapanes- The line connecting with equal total transportation cost raw materials and final product transportation), is called isodapane.
Material Index
Location Triangle
Q.6.
Above given figure explains a particular model, choose the correct option from the below
- Weberian model
- Central Place model
- Von thunenian model
- Gravity model
Answer- 2
Explanation:
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY – Walter Christaller (1933)
v He proposed this theory in his book- ‘Central Places in Southern Germany’
v Christaller based his theory on two Economic Concepts:
- Threshold Limit
- Range of Goods
Q.7. Arrange the following methods of delineating crop combination regions in order of their appearance:
(a) Doi’s method
(b) Rafiullah’s method
(c) Weaver’s method
(d) Coppock’s method
Choose the code from below:
- (a), (b), (c), (d)
- (b), (c), (d), (a)
- (c), (b), (a), (d)
- (d), (c), (b), (a)
Answer- 3
Explanation:
- Weaver’s method – 1954
- Rafiullah’s method – 1956
- Doi’s method – 1959
- Coppock’s method -1964
Q.8. Which one of the following description for ‘Aw’ in Koppen’s world climatic classification is correct?
- Marine West Coast Climate
- Tropical Wet Climate
- Tropical Monsoon Climate
- Tropical Savana Climate
Answer- 4
Climatic Classification of Koeppen’s
Wladimir Koeppen -1900
Revised his theory 3 times:
- 1st Revised – 1918
- 2nd Revised – 1931
- 3rd Revised – 1936
A- Tropical Humid Climate
B- Dry Climate
C- Humid Mesothermal
D- Humid Microthermal
E- Polar Climates
f- Precipitation throughout the year
m- Monsoon Climate
w-winter dry season
s- well defined summer dry season.
k- cold
Q.9. In 1687, who was the scientist to give for the first time a rational explanation of tides and tide producing forces of the moon and the sun?
- John Dalton
- Gregor Mendel
- Issac Newton
- Albert Einstein
Answer- 3
Explanation:
Theories of Origin of Tides
- Equilibrium Theory (1687) – Isaac Newton
- Dynamical Theory (1755) – Laplace
- Progressive Wave Theory (1833) – William Whewell
- Canal Theory (1842) – G.B. Airy
- Stationary Wave Theory (1904)- R.A. Harris
Q.10. Who advocated the policy of deliberate unbalanced development?
- Gunnar Myrdal
- A.O Hirschman
- A.G Frank
- R. Nurske
Answer- 2
Explanation:
Policy of deliberate unbalanced development/Strategy of Unbalanced Growth – Albert O Hirschman (1950s)
Q.11. The Hydraulic Slope Theory was given by
- C. Darwin
- A. Goudie
- R.E Horton
- C.A Cotton
Answer- 3
Explanation:
Theories of Slope Development:
- Hydraulic Slope Theory – R.E Horton
- Slope Decline Theory – Davis
- Slope Replacement Theory – Penck
- Slope Evolution theory – Wood
- Slope Development Theory – LC Kings
Q.12. The ‘Doctrine of Uniformitarianism’ was postulated by
- Cotton
- Dutton
- Hutton
- Dalton
Answer- 3
Explanation:
Uniformitarianism by James Hutton (1785)
- “Present is key to the past”
- “Cyclic nature of Earth’s History”
- ‘No vestige of a Beginning; no prospect of an end’
Q.13. The statement “The present is the key to the past” was made by-
- W.M Davis
- Walther Penck
- James Hutton
- F.Von Ricthofen
Answer- 3
Q.14. Two cycle theory regarding the ‘origin of Limestone caves’ was propounded by-
- Swinerton
- Gardner
- W.M Davis
- Malott
Answer- 3
Explanation:
Cavern Formation Theory
- Two Cycle Theory – Davis
- Water Table Theory – Swinnerton
- Static Water zone theory – Garner
- Invasion Theory – Malott
Q.15. If two cities with population of 24000 and 6000, respectively are located 18 km apart, the breaking point will lie from the smaller town at a distance of
- 3 Km
- 4 Km
- 5 Km
- 6 Km
Answer- 4
Explanation:
Dab = Distance between city a and city b
William Reilly developed “Law of Retail Gravitation” in 1931.
According to Reilly’s “law,” customers are willing to travel longer distances to larger retail centers given the higher attraction they present to customers.
Developed a formula to find the retail break-point between two cities based on their populations.
Q.16. If in any region, the largest city has 10,00,000 populations, What will be the population size for the 4th largest city, according to the ‘rank-size rule’?
- 1,00,000
- 2,00,000
- 2,50,000
- 3,50,000
Answer- 3
Explanation:
Rank Size Rule Formula
Pn= P1/n
= 1000000/4
= 250000
Ran-Size Rule by G.K.Zipf
The rank – size rule, proposed by G.K. Zipf in 1949
The population of urban settlements in a region can be arranged in the series of 1, 1/2/ 1/3, 1/4, …………. 1/n.
This regularity can also be expressed by the formula: Pn= P1/n
Zipf postulated that the size & numbering of settlements in any nation are governed by two sets of forces i.e.
(i) Forces of Diversification
(ii) Forces of Unification
Q.17. Given below are two statements. One labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A): Losch believed that price increase is the result of transport cost and by rotating the demand curve around the production point ‘P’, the shape of the market area is seen to be circular
Reason (R): Losch treated each function having a separate range, threshold and hexagonal hinterland.
Select the correct answer from options given below:
- Both (A) and (R)are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
- Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
- (A) is true, but (R) is false
- (A) is false, but (R) is true
Answer- 2
Economic Location Theory or Theory of Market by August Losch (1954)
August Losch published book titled “Economics of Location” in which he established a general theory of location.
This theory formulated in 1940 and was translated into English in 1954.
* Profit Maximization Theory
* Emphasis on Demand
Losch’s study was based on the urban places of entire Germany, in which he took into consideration 150 commodities and services, including the manufacturing and industries.
Assumption:
- An isotropic surface (flat uniform plain)
- Constant supply of Goods and services
- Population is evenly distributed
- Demand decreases with an increase in price, if price increase is due to transportation cost, demand will decrease with distance from production centre, demand curve would be cone shaped and market area circular.
- Enterpreneurs act as economic men, their main aim being profit maximization.
Silent Features:
- Demand decreases with an increase in price. If this price increase is the result of transport costs, then the demand would decrease with distance from production centre. And by rotating the demand curve around the production ‘P’, the shape of market area is seen to be circular.
- Losch’s Model is less restrictive than Christaller’s, rather than bundle functions into orders he treated each function having a separate range, threshold and hexagonal hinterland.
- Losch’s K value = There are 150 different Ks e.g. K 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21 etc.
Q.18. Which one of the following principles of central place system operates in a region if K= 7, is applicable for spatial organization of settlements?
- Market principle
- Transport Principle
- Administrative Principle
- Economic Principle
Answer- 3
Explanation:
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY – Walter Christaller (1933)
v He proposed this theory in his book- ‘Central Places in Southern Germany’
v Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of human settlements.
v Christaller based his theory on two Economic Concepts:
- Threshold Limit
- Range of Goods
The Christaller Central Place theory has three principles, viz:
(a) Marketing Principle K=3
(b) Transportation Principle K=4
(c) Administrative principle K=7
Q.19. Match the scholars (List-I) with the theory/model/concept (List-II) they propounded.
List-I (Scholars)
(a) J Gottman
(b) G.K Zipf
(c) M. Jefferson
(d) E. Burgess
List –II (Theory/Model/Concept)
(i) Rank Size Rule
(ii) Concentric Zone
(iii) Primate city
(iv) Megalopolis
Choose the correct option from below:
|
|
a |
b |
c |
d |
|
1. |
(i) | (ii) |
(iii) |
(iv) |
|
2. |
(iv) | (i) |
(iii) |
(ii) |
|
3. |
(iii) | (iv) |
(ii) |
(i) |
|
4. |
(ii) | (i) |
(iv) |
(iii) |
Answer- 2
Ran-Size Rule by G.K.Zipf
The rank – size rule, proposed by G.K. Zipf in 1949
The population of urban settlements in a region can be arranged in the series of 1, 1/2/ 1/3, 1/4, …………. 1/n.
This regularity can also be expressed by the formula: Pn= P1/n
Zipf postulated that the size & numbering of settlements in any nation are governed by two sets of forces i.e.
(i) Forces of Diversification
(ii) Forces of Unification
Concentric Zone Model – E.W. Burgess (1924)
Concentric zone model of urban land use proposed by E.W. Burgess in 1924
Different Name – ‘ecological theory of city structure’, the Bull’s Eye Model, the Concentric Ring Model, Concentric Circles Model.
Model Based- Chicago City (America)
5 Zones:
- Central Business District
- Zone in Transition
- III. Zone of Independent Workmen’s Home:
- Zone of Better Residence
- Commuter’s Zone
Q.20. From the given diagram of Multiple Nuclei Model of urban structure devised by C.D Harris and E.L Ullman, identify the urban land use pattern of nuclear centres of 3 and 6?
- CBD and residential suburb
- Low class residential and heavy manufacturing
- Wholesale and light manufacturing and residential suburb
- High class residential and outline business district
Answer- 2
Multiple Nuclei Model by C.D Harris & E.L Ullman (1945)
Postulated – 1945
Based on: Chicago city
9 Discrete Centres of Nuclei
- Central Business District (CBD)
- Wholesale and Light Manufacturing
- Low class Residential
- Middle class Residential
- High class Residential
- Heavy Manufacturing
- Outlying Business District
- Residential Suburb
- Industrial Suburb
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