THEORIES AND MODELS IN GEOGRAPHY: ECONOMIC & REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 

Part 3 Economic & Regional Development Theories & Models in Geography for UGC NET Exam

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Economic & Regional Development MODELS AND THEORIES FOR UGC NET EXAM, THEORIES AND MODELS IN GEOGRAPHY NOTES, MODEL IN GEOGRAPHY STUDY MATERIAL, THEORIES AND MODELS PYQS, 

Theories and Models in Geography

Part 1- Geomorphology –  Uniformitarianism, Isostasy, Continental Drift Theory, Cavern Formation Theory

Part 2- Climatology – Rainfall Formation Theories, Climatic Classification of Koeppen’s & Thronthwaite’s

Part 2- Oceanography – Theories of Coral Formation, Theories of Origin of Tides

Part 3- Agricultural Geography- Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use, Whittlesey Classification

Part 3- Economic Geography-  Industrial Location Theory by Alfred Weber

Part 3- Regional Planning & Development – Economic Growth Model of Rostow, Gunnar Myrdal, O Hirschman, John Friedman, Francois Perroux, Planning Process of MacKaye, Planning Regions of V. Nath, Bhat & Rao, Sen Gupta & Chandrasekhara

Part 4- Population Geography – Population Resource Regions – Ackerman, Theories of Population Growth- Malthusian Theory of Population, Demographic Transition Theory, Theory of Migration- Ravenstein’s Laws, Zelinsky, Push & Pull Theory

Part 5- Settlement and Urban Geography-  CENTRAL PLACE THEORY, Economic Location Theory of August Losch, Theories of Urban Urban Morphology- E.W. Burgess, Homer Hoyt, C.D Harris & E.L Ullman

Part 6- Political Geography- Heartland Theory, Rimland Theory

Part 6- Geographical Thought- Philosophical Approaches: Positivism, Pragmatism, Idealism, Realism, New or Critical Realism, Phenomenology, Radicalism, Behaviouralism, Welfare Approach

Agricultural Geography

Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning /Agricultural land use/ Location theory (1826)

Von Thunen recognized six concentric zonal rings

Zone I – Market Gardening and Milk Production

Zone II – Firewood and Lumber Production

Zone III – Crop Framing without Fallow

Zone IV – Crop Farming, Fallow and Pastures

Zone V – Three Field System

Zone VI – Livestock Farming

 

Whittlesey Classification of World Agricultural Region – 1936

Whittlesey has identified the following 13 types of agricultural system regions—

1. Nomadic herding
2. Livestock ranching
3. Shifting cultivation
4. Rudimentary tillage
5. Intensive subsistence tillage (with paddy dominance)
6. Intensive subsistence tillage (without paddy dominance)
7. Commercial plantation
8. Mediterranean agriculture
9. Commercial grain farming
10. Commercial livestock and crop farming
11. Subsistence crop & livestock farming.
12. Commercial dairy farming
13. Specialized horticulture

Crop Combination Method

Weaver’s method – 1954

Formula

σ = is the standard deviation

d = difference between actual crop percentage in the study region and the percentage in the theoretical distribution

n = number of crops

Rafiullah’s method – 1956

Formula

Where as

σ = is the deviation

dp  = is the positive difference from median value

dn  = is the negative difference from median value

n = is number of crops

Doi’s method – 1959

Coppock’s method -1964

1. Ricardo    – Concept of Economic Rent   

J.C. Weaver   – Crop – Combination Analysis

Economic Geography/ Industrial Geography

Industrial Location Theory by Alfred Weber (1909)

Book-  “Theory of the Location of Industries” (Uber den Standort der Industrien)

• Based on Principle of Least Cost Location
• Ubiquitous raw materials – Water, Air, Soil
• Fixed raw materials
• Pure raw materials

Iso-tim, The line connecting to the equal transportation cost of raw materials or the final product from the source of raw materials to the market.

Isodapanes- The line connecting with equal total transportation cost raw materials and final product transportation), is called isodapane.

Material Index

 

Regional Planning & Development

1. Economic growth and social development –  Rostow (1960)

The model postulates that economic growth occurs in five basic stages, of varying length:

The traditional society

The preconditions for take-off

The take-off

The drive to maturity

The age of high mass-consumption

2. Cumulative Causation theory Gunnar Myrdal (1956)

Cumulative Causation theory developed by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal in the year 1956

In his book ‘Economic Theory & Underdeveloped Regions’, he presented the ‘Cumulative Causation Model’

Concept of ‘Spread’ and ‘Backwash’ effects introduced by Myrdal.

 ‘Spread’ effects – Growth Inducing Effects – inflow of raw material, new technologies, demand for the agricultural products.

 ‘Backwash’ effects- Adverse Effects – Withdraw of skilled labour, capital & goods etc.

3. Policy of deliberate unbalanced development/Strategy of Unbalanced Growth – Albert O Hirschman (1950s)
4. Core-Periphery Theory –John Friedman (1966)
5. Growth Pole Theory –Francois Perroux (1955)
6. Growth center theory-Bauldevile3

1. Planning Process by Benton MacKaye

Process of regional planning

1. Perception
2. Revelation
3. Preparation
4. Execution

Planning Regions of India by Regional Planners

1. L.S Bhat & V.L.S Prakasa Rao (1964)

11 Major/Macro Region & 51 Minor/Meso Region

2. V. Nath (1965)

15 Major Region & 61 Minor Region

3. Ashok Mitra Scheme ( 1965):

7 Major Region & 24 Meso Regions & 64 Minor Region

3. P. Sen Gupta & Sdasyuk (1968)

7 Major Region & 42 Minor Region

4. C.S Chandrasekhar (1972)

13 Major Region & 35 Minor Region

5. Towns and Country Planning Organization (1968-1972)

13 Major Region & 35 Minor Region

6. Misra’s Scheme (1969)

Misra has suggested four (4) types of of planning region in India

1. Metropolitan or city regions (Functional Regions)
2. River valley regions
3. Axial development region:  Along transport lines and irrigation channels.
4. Transitional or depressed regions

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